Comparison of the Vertical Force Distribution in the Paws of Dogs with Coxarthrosis and Sound Dogs Walking over a Pressure Plate.

In the present study, we used a pressure plate to investigate the ground reaction forces of limbs and the vertical force distribution (VFD) within the paws of dogs with coxarthrosis. We included 23 sound dogs (GSou) and 23 dogs with hip osteoarthrosis (GCox). The dogs walked over a pressure plate and the peak vertical force (PFz), vertical impulse (IFz) as the percentage of the total force, and time of occurrence of PFz as a percent of the stance phase duration (TPFz%) were evaluated, as well for the entire limb as in the paws (where the paws were divided into four quadrants). The GCox presented a lower PFz% in the lame hind limb than in others and transferred the weight to the caudal quadrants of the front limbs. IFz% was lower in the lame limb and was counterbalanced through higher loading of the caudal quadrants in all unaffected limbs. TPFz% was reached later in the lame limb than in the contralateral limb and the GSou, specifically in the caudomedial quadrant. In conclusion, we found complex compensatory effects of lameness in the hind limb, and this methodology was useful to define the VFD within the paws of dogs.

Efeito de interferentes hidrossolúveis na determinação de capacidade antioxidante de compostos fenólicos / Effect of hydro-soluble interferents in determination of antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds

O trabalho objetivou verificar se a presença de compostos como vitamina C e açúcares redutores, interfere nos resultados dos métodos de determinação de capacidade antioxidante (CA) de compostos fenólicos. Para este experimento foram utilizadas dez polpas de frutas regionais comprovadamente ricas em compostos fenólicos. Foram preparados extratos brutos e lavados (isentos de interferentes) os quais em quintuplicata tiveram suas atividades antioxidantes determinadas pelos métodos ABTS e DPPH. Os extratos lavado e bruto das polpas de frutas apresentaram valores de CA distintos, comprovando por ambos os métodos que há interferência desses compostos em relação à CA total das amostras.

Daily rhythms of leukocytes populations, biochemical and enzymatic blood parameters in a carnivorous freshwater catfish (Lophiosilurus alexandri).

The aim of this study was to investigate the daily rhythms of hematological, biochemical and enzymatic parameters of the blood of a nocturnal model of fish (Lophiosilurus alexandri) bred in the laboratory (F1). Thirty-six juveniles were stocked in six tanks of a recirculation aquaculture system for 20 days. The fish were exposed to a light:dark cycle of 12:12 h and were fed 1% of biomass twice a day with commercial diet. The daily rhythms of hematological, biochemical and enzymatic parameters were then measured at six sampling times "zeitgeber time = ZT" at four-hour intervals under light:dark 12:12 h (lights on = ZT0, at 8.00 a.m). No differences were observed to alkaline phosphatase, glucose, cortisol, aspartate aminotransferase, superoxide dismutase, total protein and hematocrit (p > 0.05). However, white blood cell count, Lymphocytes (LYN), Neutrophils (NEU), Eosinophil and Neutrophils to Lymphocytes ratio were significant different between sample times (p < 0.05). Also, a significant difference in alanine transaminase was observed, with a peak of production at nighttime. In contrast, glutathione peroxidase peaked at 8:00. Uric acid, magnesium and Calcium (Ca++) showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). A significant difference was observed (p < 0.05), with a peak of albumin at 08:00 and triglycerides at 12:00, while cholesterol was low (p < 0.05) at 08:00 and higher from 12:00 to 04:00. Cosinor analysis revealed also rhythmicity to SOD, UA, Mg and Ca++, ALB and CHO (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the time of day must be considered a key factor when using blood parameters as biomarkers for disease, health and welfare in the L. alexandri aquaculture.

Tecnologias que empregam fármacos antiparasitários para tratamento da doença Chagas / Technologies using antiparasitic drugs to treat Chagas disease / Tecnologías que utilizan medicamentos antiparasitarios para tratar laenfermedad de Chagas

Com o aumento de diagnósticos da doença de Chagas, surge a necessidade de desenvolvimento de fármacos que tenham maior efeito contra os parasitas. O presente artigo objetiva apresentar um mapeamento tecnológico dos documentos de patentes relacionadas a tecnologias que empregam fármacos antiparasitários para tratamento da doença Chagas, por intermédio do banco de patentes do United States Patent andTrademark Office – USPTO. A primeira patente das 117 analisadas foi depositada nessa base em 1976. Os resultados demonstram que os estudos sobre o tratamento da doença de Chagas por meio de fármacos antiparasitários estão em desenvolvimento, focados na prevenção da doença, e são subsidiados em sua maioria por iniciativas particulares. Há pouco interesse da indústria farmacêutica no desenvolvimento de novos fármacos para tratamento e as universidades não têm incentivo para desenvolvimento de pesquisas sobre esse tema...

Con el aumento del diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Chagas, hay una necesidad de desarrollar fármacos quetengan un mayor efecto contra parásitos. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar un mapeo tecnológico dedocumentos de patentes relacionadas con las tecnologías que emplean fármacos antiparasitarios para tratarla enfermedad de Chagas, a través del United States Patent and Trademark Office – USPTO. Se analizaron117 patentes; la primera patente había sido presentada en esa base en 1976. Los resultados muestran que losestudios sobre el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Chagas a través de medicamentos antiparasitarios estánen desarrollo, centrados en la prevención de la enfermedad, y la mayoría es subvencionada por iniciativasprivadas. Hay poco interés por parte de la industria farmacéutica para desarrollar nuevos fármacos para eltratamiento y las universidades no tienen incentivos para desarrollar la investigación en esta área...

With increasing diagnostic Chagas disease, it is necessary to develop drugs that have a greater effect againstparasites. This article aims to present a technological mapping of patent documents related to technologiesemploying antiparasitic drugs to treat Chagas disease, through the patent database United States Patentand Trademark Office - USPTO. 117 patents were analyzed, and the first patent was filed on that basis in1976. The results show that studies of the treatment of Chagas disease through antiparasitic drugs are in development,focused on preventing the disease, and most of them are subsidized by private initiatives. Thereis little interest from the pharmaceutical industry to develop new drugs for treatment and universities haveno incentive to develop research in this area...

Qualidade funcional da infusão do chá verde comercial / Functional quality of commercial green tea

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de duas marcas comerciais de chá verde em sachê, e verificar o efeito do tempo de infusão, em intervalos de tempos que incluem o recomendado pelo fabricante, sobre a disponibilidade dos compostos funcionais. MÉTODOS: Por análises em cromatografia líquida ultrarrápida com detector de arranjos de díodo,foram identificadas e quantificadas a cafeína, a catequina, a epigalocatequina, a rutina e a epicatequina. RESULTADOS: A epigalotocatequina e a catequina foram encontradas em maior concentração no tempo seis minutos de infusão em água (100°C) em ambas as marcas, sendo a rutina apenas encontrada na infusão por seis minutos e em apenas uma das marcas avaliadas. A extraçãocom metanol (99,8%) aumentou significativamente o rendimento de todos os compostos avaliados. Foi observado que atividade antioxidante equivalente ao trolox do chá aumentou diretamente com o aumento do tempo de infusão, no entanto, para os extratos obtidos em metanol, a atividade antioxidante foi menor que todos os outros tratamentos, havendo diferença significativa (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: As análises químicas de umidade, cinzas e cinzas insolúveis em ácido clorídrico revelaram que as duas marcas avaliadas estão em conformidade com a legislação para esses parâmetros, bem como com relação à presença de sujidades e materiais estranhos, revelados na microscopia.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the quality of two commercial brands of green tea in sachets, verifying how different infusion times, including that recommended by the manufacturer, affect functional component levels. METHODS: High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection was used for identifying and quantifying caffeine, catechin, epigallocatechin, rutin and epicatechin. RESULTS: Epigallocatechin and catechin levels of both brands were higher with an infusion time of 6 minutes in boiling water (100°C). Rutin was only found in one of the brands after an infusion of six minutes. Methanol (99.8%) extraction significantly increased the yield of all study compounds. The Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity of the tea increased with infusion time. However, the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity of the methanol extractions was significantly smaller than that of all of the other treatments (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Chemical analysis of moisture, ash, ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid, and microscopic analysis of dirt and other physical contaminants showed that both brands conform to the legislation with respect to these parameters.

Ultrastructure of spermatozoa in two solitary bee species with an emphasis on synapomorphic traits shared in the family apidae.

Morphology of spermatozoa in bees has provided promising results for phylogenetic analyses. In this work, the structure and ultrastructure of spermatozoa from Thygater (Thygater) analis and Melitoma segmentaria were characterized and the synapomorphies shared in the family Apidae are discussed. In these species, spermatozoa bundles which are undone in the seminal vesicle possess, on average, 50 cells. Spermatozoa consist of a head and a flagellar region. The head includes an acrosome containing the perforatorium, covered by the acrosomal vesicle and a nucleus. The flagellum is formed by two mitochondrial derivatives, which are asymmetric in diameter and length, with one centriolar adjunct, one axoneme (9 + 9 + 2), and two accessory bodies. In cross section the centriolar adjunct is asymmetric and the accessory bodies are triangular in shape. In the distal region of the flagellum, the derivative terminates before the axoneme and the small derivative terminates first. The axoneme is gradually disorganized and the accessories microtubules are the last to terminate. In these two species, spermatozoa share diverse synapomorphies with those of other bee species previously described in the literature, which allows for the establishment of a morphological pattern for spermatozoa of the family Apidae.

Morphological aspects of testes and sperm ultrastructure in the "symphyta" Digelasinus diversipes kirby 1882 (hymenoptera: Argidae: Dielocerinae).

In Digelasinus diversipes, spermatozoa are maintained in bundles, with 74 spermatozoa on average, in the seminal vesicle. These spermatozoa are very short (20 µm) and consist of a head and flagellum. The head includes an acrosome (perforatorium covered by the acrosomal vesicle) and a nucleus. A regular electron-lucent region separates the acrosomal vesicle from the perforatorium, which is inserted parallel to the anterior ending of the nucleus. The small flagellum is composed of two symmetrical mitochondrial derivatives, a centriolar adjunct, an axoneme (9 + 9 + 2), and two accessory bodies. The centriolar adjunct begins above the posterior end of the nucleus and ends covering the anterior tip of two mitochondrial derivatives. In the terminal region of the axoneme, the central microtubules terminate first. The presence of a subacrosomal space, a short mitochondrial derivative diameter, and a short spermatodesm is the ultrastructure characteristics of spermatozoa shared by all "symphyta" species. Differences in the insertion of the perforatorium into the nucleus and the position of the centriolar adjunct distinguish Dielocerinae and the Arginae studied previously. The number of spermatozoa per cyst is variable. Furthermore, additional characteristics that had not been described for "symphyta" were also found, such as the number of follicles per testis.

The descriptions of new microanatomical structures of the male reproductive system and sperm of Myschocyttarus cassununga (Hymenoptera: Vespidae).

The male reproductive system of Mischocyttarus cassununga consists of two testes, each one with three follicles, as occurs in most Vespidae. The seminal vesicle is divided in two chambers, separated by a constriction, so that the anterior locus is a little larger. In the testicular follicles, the spermatozoa are organized in cysts, with approximately 128 per cyst, where the nuclei are oriented toward the follicle center. The spermatozoa of M. cassununga is about 97 µm in length, which makes them the shortest sperm described for Vespidae. Sperm ultrastructure of M. cassununga is very similar of the others Vespidae. But, despite these similarities, the bilobated mitochondrial derivative represents an autapomorphy for M. cassununga. The subdivision of the seminal vesicle has never been observed in any other Vespidae. Thus, this study supports the validity of insect sperm morphology as a tool for phylogenetic analysis within Hymenoptera.

Biotechnological process for obtaining new fermented products from cashew apple fruit by Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains.

In Brazil, the use of cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) to obtain new products by biotechnological process represents an important alternative to avoid wastage of a large quantity of this fruit, which reaches about 85% of the annual production of 1 million tons. This work focuses on the development of an alcoholic product obtained by the fermentation of cashew apple juice. The inoculation with two different strains of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae viz. SCP and SCT, were standardized to a concentration of 10(7 )cells ml(-1). Each inoculum was added to 1,500 ml of cashew must. Fermentation was performed at 28 ± 3°C and aliquots were withdrawn every 24 h to monitor soluble sugar concentrations, pH, and dry matter contents. The volatile compounds in fermented products were analyzed using the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) system. After 6 days, the fermentation process was completed, cells removed by filtration and centrifugation, and the products were stabilized under refrigeration for a period of 20 days. The stabilized products were stored in glass bottles and pasteurized at 60 ± 5°C/30 min. Both fermented products contained ethanol concentration above 6% (v v(-1)) while methanol was not detected and total acidity was below 90 mEq l(-1), representing a pH of 3.8-3.9. The volatile compounds were characterized by the presence of aldehyde (butyl aldehyde diethyl acetal, 2,4-dimethyl-hepta-2,4-dienal, and 2-methyl-2-pentenal) and ester (ethyl α-methylbutyrate) representing fruity aroma. The strain SCT was found to be better and efficient and this produced 10% more alcohol over that of strain SCP.

Morphology of male reproductive system of two solitary bee species (Hymenoptera: Apidae).

Bees can form all levels of social organization, from solitary to advanced eusocial societies. Although 80% of the species exist as solitary species, most researches emphasize social species. This study focuses on the description of the male reproductive system of the solitary beesThygater analis (Lepeletier) and Melitoma segmentaria (Fabricius) and searches for traits that support behavioral and phylogenetic studies. The reproductive system of males were dissected, fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer pH 7.2 and post-fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide. The tissue was dissected and included for light microscopy. The species presented similar anatomical traits, including paired testicles, seminal vesicles, deferent ducts, accessory glands and an ejaculatory duct. Each testicle was composed of four follicles. In both species, a testicle and a seminal vesicle were surrounded by a joint capsule, forming a seminal vesicle-testicle complex. The two species presented accessory glands with very distinct morphological traits. The anatomic pattern and the histological traits of the reproductive system of the species studied were similar to those described for other bees. In addition, these traits can be used to differentiate species and allow inferences concerning their reproductive biology.

Morphology of the male reproductive system of the social wasp, Polistes versicolor versicolor, with phylogenetic implications.

Variation in the morphology of the adult male reproductive system among different groups of Hymenoptera offer characteristics that help studies of behavior and the evolutionary history of this group. The objective of this study was to describe the adult male reproductive system of the wasp Polistes versicolor versicolor Olivier (Vespidae: Polistini). The reproductive systems were dissected, fixed and embedded for light microscopy. In P. v. versicolor, the reproductive system includes a pair of testes, each one with three fusiform follicles. From each follicle emerges an efferent duct that later join together, forming a deferent duct. The first half of the deferent duct is enlarged and differentiated into a region specialized for sperm storage, the seminal vesicle. At the post-vesicular region of each of the deferent ducts an accessory gland emerges. The seminal vesicle and the accessory gland are covered with a capsule forming a vesicle-gland complex, also observed in some species of North American Polistes. Sperm are released from testes in bundles, which are disorganized inside seminal vesicles. In the testicular follicles, 95 spermatozoa were observed per cyst on average.

Morphology of male reproductive system of two solitary bee species (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Bees can form all levels of social organization, from solitary to advanced eusocial societies. Although 80 percent of the species exist as solitary species, most researches emphasize social species. This study focuses on the description of the male reproductive system of the solitary beesThygater analis (Lepeletier) and Melitoma segmentaria (Fabricius) and searches for traits that support behavioral and phylogenetic studies. The reproductive system of males were dissected, fixed in 2.5 percent glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer pH 7.2 and post-fixed with 1 percent osmium tetroxide. The tissue was dissected and included for light microscopy. The species presented similar anatomical traits, including paired testicles, seminal vesicles, deferent ducts, accessory glands and an ejaculatory duct. Each testicle was composed of four follicles. In both species, a testicle and a seminal vesicle were surrounded by a joint capsule, forming a seminal vesicle-testicle complex. The two species presented accessory glands with very distinct morphological traits. The anatomic pattern and the histological traits of the reproductive system of the species studied were similar to those described for other bees. In addition, these traits can be used to differentiate species and allow inferences concerning their reproductive biology.

Ultrastructural characterization of the spermatozoa of Aethalion reticulatum Linnaeus 1767 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Aethalionidae).

The Hemiptera order is currently divided into four suborders. Among them the Auchenorrhyncha suborder is considered to be paraphyletic. Morphology of insect spermatozoa has provided promising characteristics that can be used for phylogenetic inference. In this study, Aethalion reticulatum (Aethalionidae) spermatozoa were examined by light and electron microscopy. The head of the spermatozoa is composed of an acrosome and a nucleus. The nucleus is linear and filled with compact chromatin but has electron-lucid spaces. The centriole adjunct initiates parallel to the nucleus and terminates in the region anterior to the mitochondrial derivatives. Flagella consist of an axoneme, two mitochondrial derivatives and two accessory bodies and the axoneme has the typical 9+9+2 microtubule pattern. The mitochondrial derivatives are symmetric. The accessory bodies are long and are shaped like a half moon when viewed from a cross-section. The presence of accessory bodies differs from other species of Cicadomorpha previously studied. Spermatozoa morphology of other Auchenorrhyncha families can reveal synapomorphies and contribute to systematics of the suborder.

Structural and ultrastructural characteristics of male reproductive tract and spermatozoa in two Cryptinae species (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae).

This study represents the first characterization of male reproductive tracts and ultrastructural description of sperm of Cryptinae species. In Lymeon dieloceri and Pachysomoides sp., the male reproductive tract is formed by a pair of testis, two deferent ducts, two accessory glands and one ejaculatory duct. The spermatozoa are similar to those described for other Hymenoptera, with: (1) the acrosome formed by the acrosomal vesicle covering the perforatorium, which has its base inserted in a cavity located in the nucleus point; (2) a thin nucleus with electron-dense chromatin; (3) an electron-dense centriolar adjunct located between the nucleus and one of the two mitochondrial derivatives; (4) an axoneme with a 9 + 9 + 2 microtubule arrangement; (5) two long mitochondrial derivatives with peripheral cristae and; (6) two accessory bodies located between the two mitochondrial derivatives and the axoneme. These ichneumonids present structural characteristics similar to other parasitic wasps, such as presence of a single follicle per testis, layer of extracellular material enveloping the acrosome and accessory microtubules ending before others in final portion of the flagellum. However, male reproductive system and the spermatozoa presented morphological characteristics that allowed their differentiation, such as oval shapes accessory glands and the symmetric mitochondrial derivatives in L. dieloceri compared to the spherical accessory glands and asymmetrical derivatives observed in Pachysomoides sp. Taken together, data presented here demonstrates that diversity of morphological characteristic from the male reproductive tract and spermatozoa in Hymenoptera might provide a character system that can be used, in association with other systems, to resolve various uncertainties about the evolutionary relationships of this insect group.

Structure and ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) albitarse Fabricius 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Crabronidae).

The ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) albitarse is described here for the first time within this genus. Testes and seminal vesicles were dissected and processed for transmission electron microscopy. In the testicular follicles, the spermatids are arranged in a maximum number of 32 for each cyst. The spermatozoa are slender and they measure approximately 150 microm in length. The head is about 17 microm long and is formed by the acrosome and the nucleus. The flagellum consists in an axoneme, two mitochondrial derivatives, two accessory bodies and, at the nucleus-flagellum transition, a symmetric centriolar adjunct. The axoneme presents the typical 9+9+2 microtubule pattern. In the terminal region, the central microtubules and nine doublets finish first, followed by the accessory microtubules. Both mitochondrial derivatives begin together and are inserted in the base of the centriolar adjunct. Along the middle region, the larger derivative has almost twice the area of the smaller one and includes a discrete paracrystalline region. At the tip, the smaller derivative ends before the larger one and both before the axoneme. The characters derived from the ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of T. albitarse show synapomorphies shared with the Apoidea and present characters that are probably apomorphic for the Crabroninae subfamily.

Morphology of testicular and post-testicular spermatozoa in Microstigmus arlei Richards, 1972 and M. nigrophthalmus Melo, 1992 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Pemphredoninae) with phylogenetic consideration.

The sperm of Microstigmus arlei and Microstigmus nigrophthalmus are twisted in a spiral and consist of two regions: the head, formed by an acrosome and a nucleus, and the flagellum, formed by two asymmetric mitochondrial derivatives, a long centriolar adjunct, an axoneme (9+9+2) and two accessory bodies. The head shows a characteristic morphology. The acrosome is very long and is basically made up of a paracrystalline structure. In the central head region, the acrosome is inserted into the nucleus, which is observed coiling laterally around the paracrystalline structure. In the subsequent part of the spermatozoon the nucleus appears round in transverse sections, and over some length it is still penetrated by the acrosome until shortly distal to the flagellar insertion. At this point the nucleus forms an inverted cone-shaped projection. These morphological characteristics of acrosome and nucleus of the Microstigmus wasp have not been previously described in Apoidea and are useful for phylogenetic evaluation of this superfamily.

Release, behavior and phylogenetic significance of spermatozoa in bundles in the seminal vesicle during sexual maturation in Aculeata (Hymenoptera)

In this report, we describe how spermatozoa are released in the Aculeata Melipona quadrifasciata (Apidae) and Acromyrmex subterraneus (Formicidae). Immature and sexually mature adult males of both species were dissected and their seminal vesicles, vas deferens and testes were processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. At the end of spermatogenesis, the spermatozoa still formed bundles, with the anterior end of their heads inserted into electron dense material. These bundles migrates to the seminal vesicles and, as the adults matured sexuality, the bundles started to disorganize and the spermatozoa became separeted. At the end sexual maturation, the seminal vesicles contained no bundles, but were completely full of free spermatozoa. In the Symphyta, as in the Aculeata studied here, the spermatozoa leave the testis in bundles. But there is no dissociation of spermatozoa from the bundles during sexual maturation. The Aculeata have been suggested to be derived from parasitic wasps that, in turn, derived from the Symphyta. Hence, the release of spermatozoa in bundles in the Aculeata is reverse characteristic or may indicate that this group is derived directly from the Symphyta.

Immediate extubation in cardiac surgery: evaluation using electroencephalogram

INTRODUÇAO: As técnicas empregadas em cirurgia cardíaca visando a extubaçäo imediata (EI) dependem de analgesia adequada e titulaçäo de drogas anestésicas. OBJETIVO: A finalidade deste estudo é analisar a EI, utilizando eletroencefalograma (índice bispectral - BIS) para adequar o melhor momento de extubaçäo. MÉTODO: Foram analisados 12 pacientes, ASA III, 7 crianças (Grupo I) 58,4 por cento, com idades entre 0 e 7 anos, submetidas a correçäo cirúrgica de cardiopatias congênitas e 5 adultos (Grupo II), com idades entre 30 e 75 anos, submetidos a revascularizaçäo do miocárdio. No Grupo I realizou-se raquianestesia entre L5 e S1 com injeçäo de marcaína pesada (0,5 mg/kg) e morfina (5æg/kg). No Grupo II realizou-se bloqueio epidural entre T3 e T4, com introduçäo de cateter e injeçäo de 60mg de ropivacaína e 2mg de morfina. Na induçäo da anestesia, empregamos: Fentanil 4 mg/kg, propofol até BIS igual a 30 e relaxante muscular. A anestesia geral foi mantida com sevoflurano para BIS entre 40 e 60. Foi programada extubaçäo quando o BIS atingisse 90. RESULTADOS: Todos os pacientes foram extubados até 1 hora após o término da operaçäo, sendo 91,6 por cento na sala de operações, com funçäo cognitiva preservada, sem história de memória explícita, dor (adultos e crianças maiores) ou expressäo facial de dor (crianças menores). Cinqüenta e sete por cento (4) dos pacientes do Grupo I e 20 por cento (1) Grupo II apresentaram prurido e 28 por cento (2) Grupo I apresentaram vômitos. CONCLUSÕES: A técnica empregada mostrou-se segura e eficaz, desde que observados critérios rígidos para sua execuçäo.

Cirurgia de Ross em crianças / Ross procedure in children

Objetivo: Os substitutos valvares atuais não preenchem os requisitos de uma prótese ideal. A técnica de Ross tenta oferecer, principalmente às crianças, um auto-enxerto em posição aórtica, livre de eventos tromboembólicos, hemólise e com excepcional durabilidade. O homoenxerto em posição pulmonar também tem mostrado bom desempenho a longo prazo. Nosso objetivo é demonstrar a viabilidade da técnica e os resultados da experiência inicial com o procedimento. Casuística e Métodos: Foram operados entre jan/97 e dez/98, 12 pacientes. Insuficiência aórtica - 5 casos, insuficiência aórtica e mitral - 3 casos, insuficiência aórtica e membrana subaórtica - 2 casos, estenose aórtica - 1 caso, reoperação de plastia da valva aórtica - 1 caso. O sexo predominante foi o masculino (75 por cento). A idade variou de 8 a 15 anos (M = 12,17 + ou - 2,04). A classe funcional III representou 58,3 por cento e II 41,7 por cento. A avaliação pré-operatória foi realizada com auxílio do ecocardiograma e pós-operatória com ecocardiograma e cateterismo cardíaco. Os homoenxertos utilizados foram mantidos em solução preservante antibiótica. Os procedimentos foram realizados com circulação extracorpórea e cardioplegia cristalóide gelada. Resultados: As intercorrências foram: febre 75 por cento, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (ICC) 25 por cento, hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) 33,3 por cento, sangramento 8,33 por cento, hipersecreção pulmonar 8,33 por cento e isquemia miocárdica 8,33 por cento. Ecocardiograma pós-operatório demonstrou insuficiência aórtica discreta em 4 casos. Angiocardiografia evidenciou ausência de insuficiência aórtica ou pulmonar, gradiente VE-Ao em 2 casos (16 mmHg e 9 mmHg) e gradiente VD-TP em 2 casos (13,5 mmHg e 9,5 mmHg). Encontram-se em classe funcional I (91,6 por cento) e II (8,4 por cento). Conclusões: A técnica é eficaz, reprodutível e de baixa mortalidade. É necessário maior tempo de acompanhamento para avaliação dos enxertos.